![]() ![]() The emergence of the Classical city-state in the Mediterranean world has allowed one of the most brilliant civilizations in all human history to develop, that of ancient Greece. The driving force behind this is the colonising activities of the Greeks. On the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean Sea – of Greece and the Aegean, Italy and Sicily, the southern coasts of France and Spain, and north Africa – hundreds of city-states now flourish. They brought with them knowledge of the great civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt – and also an important new tool, alphabetic writing. Phoenician merchants developed new trading networks across the Mediterranean Sea. ![]() Over the last few centuries the coming of the Iron Age to Europe has led to a large growth in populations throughout the continent, as well as great advances in culture.Ĭivilizing influences from the Middle East began again to be felt by the peoples of south-eastern Europe in the centuries after 1000 BCE. ![]() The Iron Age has spread throughout the region, and has given rise to the brilliant civilization of the Ancient Greeks. This map shows the history of Europe in 500 BCE. Within its borders, however, the Roman state is now among the most populous, prosperous and stable empires of ancient history. Along its northern frontiers the legions confront hostile German tribes. Graeco-Roman civilization is rapidly spreading throughout the Roman world. Octavian will shortly take the name Augustus, and be the first of the long succession of Roman emperors. This is largely the achievement of the young politician Octavian, son-in-law of the famous general, Julius Caesar. Civil wars and the rise of empireĪ long period of repeated civil wars amongst leading Roman politicians and commanders, peace has been restored to the Roman world. This map shows the history of Europe in 30 BCE. The past two centuries have seen the power of Rome come to dominate western Europe and the Mediterranean its empire now covers Italy, Spain, Gaul, parts of North Africa and Greece, and large parts of the Middle East. ![]()
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